ETS may also cancel scores if, in its judgment, there is substantial evidence that they are invalid for any other reason.
Substantial evidence means evidence that is sufficient to persuade a reasonable person; the substantial evidence standard is lower (i.e., requires less proof) than the reasonable doubt, clear and convincing, and preponderance of the evidence standards. Evidence of invalid scores may include, without limitation, discrepant handwriting, unusual answer patterns and inconsistent performance on different parts of the test. Before canceling scores pursuant to this paragraph, ETS notifies the test taker in writing about its concerns, gives the test taker an opportunity to submit information that addresses ETS's concerns, considers any such information submitted and offers the test taker a choice of options.
The options may include:
- Voluntary score cancellation
- A free retest
- A voucher for a future test or arbitration in accordance with ETS's standard Arbitration Agreement.
In addition, the test taker is sent a copy of a booklet, which explains this process in detail.
Note:
✦ The retest option is available only to test takers in the United States, U.S. Territories and Canada. The arbitration option is available only to test takers who test in the United States and U.S. Territories.