• Non-metal may be solid, liquid or gas.


• Bromine is the only liquid non-metals.


• Non-metals are the elements that do not have the properties of the metals.


• They are the soft, non-lustrous, brittle, non-sonorous and poor conductor of heat and electricity.e.g. carbon, hydrogen, helium, neon krypton etc.

• Carbon belongs to the group 14 of the periodic table.


• Carbon occurs both in a free state as well as in combined state.


• Carbon has two crystalline allotropes diamond and graphite.

• Diamond is the hardest substance and is the bad conductor of electricity.


• Diamond is the purest form of the Carbon


• Used in the making of jewellery and cutting glass.

• It is colourless, odourless, neutral and highly poisonous gas in nature.


• Combines with haemoglobin to form Carboxyhaemoglobin, which is not able to absorb oxygen as result leads to suffocation Wood re or coal re in a closed room leads to the formation of the carbon monoxide which leads to the death of the persons in the rooms.

• Silicon occurs in nature in the form of sand but never found in the free state.


• This element which also exhibits the characteristic of allotropy.


• This is the second most abundant element in the earth crust after oxygen Used as a superconductor in making computer chips.


• Silicon carbide is an articial diamond called carborendum.


• Silica is also called sand which exists most abundantly in the solid state in nature and used in the production of glass, cement etc.


• Quartz is a crystalline form of SiO .

• Important constituent of air about 79% by volume.


• Used in the manufacturing of nitric acid, ammonia and other nitrogen compounds.


• As a refrigerant in liquid form.


• To provide an inert atmosphere in different metallurgical operation.


• Used as a preservative in the food packing.

• Most important compound of nitrogen.


• Prepared by Haber’s process.


• It is soluble in water and its aqueous solution is alkaline in nature.


• Used in refrigerator and manufacturing of fertilisers and explosives.


• Nitrous oxide([latex]N_{2}[/latex]]O) is used as laughing gas.


• The symbiotic bacteria present in the root nodules of leguminous plant convert the atmospheric nitrogen into compounds of nitrogen .e.g. Azobactor.

• It is highly reactive non-metal that is why it does not occur in the free state.


• Phosphorus is an essential constituent of bones, teeth, blood nerves and tissue.


• Bones contains 80% phosphorus.

• Red phosphorus


• Black phosphorus


• Scarlet phosphorus


• Violet phosphorus

• Oxygen exists in two allotropic form that is in most stable diatomic form([latex]O_{2}[/latex] ) and in less stable triatomic form ([latex]O_{2}[/latex] ) ozone.


• Oxygen is the supporter of combustion but it is non-inammable.


• Oxygen dissolved in blood in the form of oxyhaemoglobin.


• Liquid oxygen mixed with freshly divided carbon is used in place of dynamite in coal mining.


• Ozone is formed by the action of UV rays from the Sun on Oxygen and protects the living beings by not allowing UV rays to reach the earth.


• Ozone is also used as germicide and disinfectant for sterilizing water and for detecting the position of the double bond in unsaturated organic compounds.

• Sulphur occurs in the free state in volcanic areas.


• Sulphur exists in ve allotropic form.


• Sulphur is used in rubber industry for vulcanization of rubber.


• Sulphuric acid is also known as oil of vitriol or king of chemicals.


• Sulphuric acid is prepared by two processes i.e. lead chamber process and contact process.

• Halogens are highly reactive elements and therefore they do not exist in the free state but exist only in combined form.


• Halogens have highest electron afnity so they act as strong oxidising agent.


• Their oxidising power decreases from uorine to iodine.

• Chlorine always present in the combined state in nature in the form of chlorides.


• Chlorine was rst discovered by Scheele by the action of hydrogen chloride on manganese dioxide


• Chlorine is used as a bleaching agent.


• Reacts with water to form HCL and HCIO.


• Used as a disinfectant and oxidising agent.

• It is used as an antiseptic as tincture of Iodine.


• Used in the cure of Goitre.


• Turns starch solution blue.

• Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon are known as inert gases or noble gases.


• These elements have completely lled valence shell and so these do not form chemical bonds.


• These are always found in the free state but radon is not present in nature.


• In the atmosphere, argon is the most abundant noble gas but in universe, helium is the most abundant gas.


• The mixture of Helium and Oxygen is used for articial breathing of Asthma patients and by sea drivers.


• Helium is used as a pressuring agent in rockets to expel liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen.


• Neon is used in a neon discharge lamp and signs for advertising purposes.


• Xenon is also known as stranger gas and a combined mixture of xenon and krypton is used in high-intensity photographic ash tubes.


• Radon is used in the preparation of an ointment for the treatment of cancer.


• A mixture of argon and nitrogen is used in an electric bulb.


• Krypton is used in high-efciency miner’s cap lamps.

• They have properties of both metals and non-metals.


• Six commonly known metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.


• Typical metalloids have a metallic appearance but they are the brittle and only fair conductor of electricity.


• Metalloids and their compounds are used in the manufacturing of alloys, biological agents, ames retarders, glasses, optical storage

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