DIRECTIONS(1-30): Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words/phrases have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) have long been recognized for their potential as environment-friendly, versatile and sustainable energy alternatives for rural areas of India.
However, despite efforts by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) and the India Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA), RETs have not yet succeeded as a major alternative source of energy in rural India. The programs of MNES and IREDA designed to support small scale distributed systems have relied on heavily subsidized credit, technology training, and consumer awareness activities to stimulate the market for end-user finance for renewable energy systems for domestic use and a tiered set of capital and interest rate subsidies for water pumping in the agriculture sector. While end-users in some rural areas now have access to solar-powered lanterns or lights and biogas systems for their home, and agricultural operations are taking advantage of remarkable capital subsidies for solar energy to use for water pumping, the use of heavy capital and interest rate subsidies, and the focus on domestic use rather than on matching renewable energy technology applications with income enhancement opportunities have tied the success of these programmes to government budgets and political cycles limiting both the breadth and depth of development and penetration of projects that harness renewable energy resources.
In order to fully understand the barriers to the development of renewable energy enterprises/projects in rural India, we must review a few of the key' characteristics of investments in renewable energy projects.
First, investments in renewable energy projects are relatively information and capital-intensive. The greater information intensity arises primarily from the need for more upfront information regarding the energy resource compared to conventional power projects. Renewable energy resource assessments, in most cases, need to be site-specific and preferably with data for a significant period of time. Renewable energy technologies are also more capital-intensive than conventional hydrocarbon ones because of the large upfront investment cost in generation equipment needed to utilize a 'free' or low-cost energy source. Due to capital intensity, the financial viability of such investments and projects is often more dependent on longer-term financing structures available at the outset of the project.
Second, individual renewable energy investments are generally smaller than those made in conventional power generation projects due to constraints on local resource availability. Local resource availability is in turn limited by the low energy density of renewable energy resources. As extensive time and resources are necessary to catalog the site-specific resource availability before financing can be considered, the technical and managerial know-how requirements and associated costs that occur prior to the project often represent a much larger percentage of project costs than in the case of conventional power projects.
Third, entrepreneurs developing small-scale renewable energy projects face the same business and financial risks associated with any enterprise. The viability of any enterprise depends on its ability to build a business based on solid concepts and competencies in sound contexts that mitigate those risks.
Considering the aforementioned characteristics, the key barriers to the development of small-scale renewable energy projects are fourfold. First, rural entrepreneurs do not usually have the knowledge and expertise necessary to write business plans for projects that link renewable energy technologies with productive use of applications, to assess the rewards and risks of the project and estimate the costs to mitigate the associated risks. All of these are necessary inputs before a project is presented to a financier for investment. In addition, the negotiations with financiers may be complex, involving concepts and approaches that are not familiar to the entrepreneur. Second, the paperwork and soft costs associated with identifying and obtaining access to financing for small and medium-scale projects is high relative to the financing needs.
Without critical first-stage financing, most of the entrepreneurs interested in developing renewable energy projects will not be able to take the time away from normal business operations to implement renewable energy projects. Third, many of the renewable energy technologies are still relatively new to the market, so the commercial chains, networks, marketing and financial links, and other institutional structures that service traditional energy technologies are not in place to assist the entrepreneurs even if she/he has the skills, know-how and capital. Fourth, given the 'newness', there is limited availability of investment capital to finance the high upfront costs associated with the initial stages of developing a renewable energy project.
1. Which of the following is/are the reason/a that the programs implemented by IREDA and MNES have not yet succeeded in making RETs the major alternative source of energy

1. Focus on employment generation. 2. Emphasis on industrial use of renewable energy. 3. Interest rate subsidies linking these to Government budgets and political cycles.

A. Only 2 B. Only 2 and 3 C. Only 3 D. Only 1 and 2 E. All 1, 2 and 3

2. Which of the following is possibly the most appropriate title for the passage?

A. Programmes to Implement Renewable Energy Projects in Rural Areas. B. Rural Renewable Energy Projects - The Barrie's C. The Benefits of Alternative Sources of Energy D. The Government and Renewable Energy Projects E. Taking Forward Renewable Energy Projects in India

3. Which of the following is/are the characteristic/a of investment in RETs?

1. There are a number of investors willing to invest readily invest in these projects. 2. These demand more investment of capital over the conventional energy projects. 3. These involve lesser risk as compared to the conventional energy projects.

A. Only 1 and 3 B. Only 1 and 2 C. Only 2 D. Only 2 and 3 E. All 1, 2 and 3

4. Why are renewable energy projects termed information-intensive?

A. The information on resources required by these projects is specific in terms of the location as well as the time period. B. Very little information about renewable energy is available for the implementation of these projects. C. Information needed by these projects is mostly confidential and requires a lot of paperwork in order to gain access. D. The information required by these projects is far greater than that required by any other project related to energy conservation. E. The information required by these projects is very vast and sometimes unrelated to the project at hand.

5. What, according to the passage, is a drawback of renewable energy projects 'newness'?

A. The unfamiliarity with the concept of renew-able energy amongst the locals. B. The low risk factor involved in its implementation attracts entrepreneurs who fail to complete these projects in time. C. Too many investors willing to invest in these projects thereby creating confusion. D. The absence of well-established links for networking, marketing and financing. E. These require minimum paperwork thus there are few or no records of these projects being generated for future reference.

DIRECTIONS(6-8): Choose the word/group of words which is most similar in meaning to the word/ group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
6. OUTSET

A. Start B. Periphery C. Boundar D. Culmination E. Stage

7. VIABILITY

A. Technicality B. Rigidity C. Regularity D. Commodity E. Feasibility

8. RECOGNIZED

A. Predictable B. Standard C. Known D. Resembled E. Questioned

DIRECTIONS(9-10) :Choose the word/group of words which is most opposite in meaning to the word/ group of words printed in bold as used in the passage.
9. MITIGATE

A. Aggravate B. Anger C. Moderate D. Alienate E. Alleviate

10. COMPLEX

A. Plain B. Simple C. Undisturbed D. Compound E. Unilateral

DIRECTIONS(11-15) :Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical mistake error in it. The error if any, will be in one part of the sentence. Mark the number of the part with error as your answer. If there is no error, mark (E).
11. To run a company effectively (A)/ it is very important (B)/ in knowing the strengths and weaknesses (C)/ of the employees. (D)/ No error (E)

A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

12. The land records (A)/ of this district (B)/ will computerise (C)/ by next year. (D)/ No error (E)

A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

13. The Head Office has (A)/ issued instructions that (B)/ the performance of all Zonal Managers (C)/ have to assess by a committee. (D)/ No error (E)

A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

14. She has promised to (A)/ donate the funds to (B)/establish a library in many (C)/ villages in India. (D)/ No error (E)

A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

15. We have already (A)/ submitted our application (B)/ and expect to receive (C)/ our licence in thirty days.(D)/ No error (E)

A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E

DIRECTIONS(16-20) :Rearrange the following five sentences 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph then answer the questions given below them.

1. What teachers repeatedly commented on was that she was "very creative' and had "an unusual way of thinking", etc. 2. A study done by the institute focuses on Roma, an individual with creative abilities. 3. But nowhere were Roma's these abilities recognized on her report cards, because there was no check-off box for artwork and creativity. 4. Some of her artwork was selected to represent her school at the art exhibition at state the level art exhibition. 5. As a child, she had been a good student above average in most areas but not an exceptional early reader and writer.

16. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

17. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

18. Which of the following should be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

19. Which of the following should be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

20. Which of the following should be the FIFTH sentence after rearrangement?

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

DIRECTIONS(21-25) :In each of the following sentence there are two blank spaces. Below each sentence there are five pair of words denoted by letters a, b, c, d, and e. Find out which pair of words can be filled up in the blanks in the sentence in the same sequence to make the sentence meaningfully complete.
21. He objected to the proposal because it was founded on a .... principle arid also was .... at time

A. faulty ...... desirable B. imperative .... reasonable C. wrong ...... inconvenient D. sound ..... acceptable E. unconforming .... deplorable

22. The criterion for ..... a player should be his recent performance, but unfortunately, the journalists are ..... to be carried away by earlier successes.

A. condemning .... satisfying B. judging ..... prone C. revealing ..... reluctan D. eager .... acclaiming E. criticising .... clean

23. For the last half century, he ..... himself to public affairs ........ taking a holiday

A. by ......... committed B. after ....... offered C. devoted ......... without D. sacrified ......... after E. prepared ......... before

24. You will see signs of ..... everywhere, which speak well for the .... of these people.

A. decoration .... senses B. clear .... debris C. beauty ....... careful D. industry .......... prosperity E. repairs ........... extravaganza

25. The police arrested Ramesh on a .... of theft but for lack of evidence .... him

A. crime .... imprisoned B. punished .... complaint C. left ...... condition D. tip ......... absconding E. charge .... released

DIRECTIONS(26-30) :In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed below the passage and against every five words/ phrases are suggested, one of which fits the blank appropriately. Find out the appropriate word/phrase in each case.
Twenty years from now, nearly 60% of the world's population will live in urban areas. The impact of urbanization might not all be positive on India as urban expansion is happening at a much faster rate than infrastructure expansion.
Sustainability issues need to be (96) so that economic development is not at the (97) of public health. Some urban services that ought to be in (98) in a city like water, electricity, transport etc. need special consideration.
TERI has put together a detailed report that (99) sustainability in the provision of basic urban services in Indian cities.
Inadequate public transport is a major reason for the proliferation of private vehicles on the road. Respiratory illness in children living in urban areas is on the rise with more cases of Asthma being (100) because of pollution. The future of cities of Indian dreams depends on whether we can build better cities today.
26.

A. Speculated B. Believed C. Imagined D. Considered E. Understand

27.

A. Payment B. Rate C. Costs D. Charge E. Expense

28.

A. Abundance B. Large C. Functional D. Vicinity E. Location

29.

A. Bring B. Emphasizes C. Speculates D. Postulates E. Requests

30.

A. Produced B. Develop C. Composed D. Resulted E. Reported

Answers
1. Answer - C
2. Answer - A
3. Answer - C
4. Answer - D
5. Answer - D
6. Answer - D Explanation : Outset means the start or beginning of something.
7. Answer - C Explanation : Viability means the state or degree of being easily or conveniently done.
8. Answer - C Explanation : Recognized means acknowledge the existence.
9. Answer - A Explanation : Mitigate means to make less painful. Aggravate means to make worse.
10. Answer - B Explanation : Complex means not easy to analyse or understand. Simple means easy to understand, presenting no difficulty.
11. Answer - C
12. Answer - E
13. Answer - D
14. Answer - C
15. Answer - D
16. Answer - E
17. Answer - A
19. Answer - B
20. Answer - C
21. Answer - C
22. Answer - B
23. Answer - C
24. Answer - D
25. Answer - E
26. Answer - D Explanation : Consider means to think carefully about something.
27. Answer - E Explanation : Expense means the cost required for something.
28. Answer - D Explanation : Vicinity means the area near a particular place.
29. Answer - B Explanation : Emphasize means to give special importance to something.
30. Answer - E Explanation : Reported means account of something that one has observed.